pycontrails.core.flight

Flight Data Handling.

Module Attributes

MAX_AIRPORT_ELEVATION

Max airport elevation, [\(ft\)] See Daocheng_Yading_Airport

MIN_CRUISE_ALTITUDE

Min estimated cruise altitude, [\(ft\)]

SHORT_HAUL_DURATION

Short haul duration cutoff, [\(s\)]

MAX_ON_GROUND_SPEED

Set maximum speed compatible with "on_ground" indicator, [\(mph\)] Thresholds assessed based on scatter plot (150 knots = 278 km/h)

Functions

filter_altitude(time, altitude_ft[, ...])

Filter noisy altitude on a single flight.

segment_duration(time[, dtype])

Calculate the time difference between waypoints.

segment_phase(rocd, altitude_ft, *[, ...])

Identify the phase of flight (climb, cruise, descent) for each segment.

segment_rocd(segment_duration, altitude_ft)

Calculate the rate of climb and descent (ROCD).

Classes

Flight([data, longitude, latitude, ...])

A single flight trajectory.

FlightPhase(value[, names, module, ...])

Flight phase enumeration.
class pycontrails.core.flight.Flight(data=None, *, longitude=None, latitude=None, altitude=None, altitude_ft=None, level=None, time=None, attrs=None, copy=True, fuel=None, drop_duplicated_times=False, **attrs_kwargs)

Bases: GeoVectorDataset

A single flight trajectory.

Expect latitude-longitude coordinates in WGS 84. Expect altitude in [\(m\)]. Expect pressure level (level) in [\(hPa\)].

Parameters:

  • data (dict[str, np.ndarray] | pd.DataFrame | VectorDataDict | VectorDataset | None) – Flight trajectory waypoints as data dictionary or pandas.DataFrame. Must include columns time, latitude, longitude, altitude or level. Keyword arguments for time, latitude, longitude, altitude or level will override data inputs. Expects altitude in meters and time as a DatetimeLike (or array that can processed with pd.to_datetime()). Additional waypoint-specific data can be included as additional keys/columns.

  • longitude (npt.ArrayLike, optional) – Flight trajectory waypoint longitude. Defaults to None.

  • latitude (npt.ArrayLike, optional) – Flight trajectory waypoint latitude. Defaults to None.

  • altitude (npt.ArrayLike, optional) – Flight trajectory waypoint altitude, [\(m\)]. Defaults to None.

  • altitude_ft (npt.ArrayLike, optional) – Flight trajectory waypoint altitude, [\(ft\)].

  • level (npt.ArrayLike, optional) – Flight trajectory waypoint pressure level, [\(hPa\)]. Defaults to None.

  • time (npt.ArrayLike, optional) – Flight trajectory waypoint time. Defaults to None.

  • attrs (dict[str, Any], optional) – Additional flight properties as a dictionary. While different models may utilize Flight attributes differently, pycontrails applies the following conventions:

    • flight_id: An internal flight identifier. Used internally for Fleet interoperability.

    • aircraft_type: Aircraft type ICAO, e.g. "A320".

    • wingspan: Aircraft wingspan, [\(m\)].

    • n_engine: Number of aircraft engines.

    • engine_uid: Aircraft engine unique identifier. Used for emissions calculations with the ICAO Aircraft Emissions Databank (EDB).

    • max_mach_number: Maximum Mach number at cruise altitude. Used by some aircraft performance models to clip true airspeed.

    • load_factor: The load factor used in determining the aircraft’s take-off weight. Used by some aircraft performance models.

    Numeric quantities that are constant over the entire flight trajectory should be included as attributes.

  • copy (bool, optional) – Copy data on Flight creation. Defaults to True.

  • fuel (Fuel, optional) – Fuel used in flight trajectory. Defaults to JetA.

  • drop_duplicated_times (bool, optional) – Drop duplicate times in flight trajectory. Defaults to False.

  • **attrs_kwargs (Any) – Additional flight properties passed as keyword arguments.

Raises:

KeyError – Raises if data input does not contain at least time, latitude, longitude, (altitude or level).

Notes

The Traffic library has many helpful flight processing utilities.

See traffic.core.Flight for more information.

Examples

>>> import numpy as np
>>> import pandas as pd
>>> from pycontrails import Flight

>>> # Create `Flight` from a DataFrame.
>>> df = pd.DataFrame({
...     "longitude": np.linspace(20, 30, 500),
...     "latitude": np.linspace(40, 10, 500),
...     "altitude": 10500,
...     "time": pd.date_range('2021-01-01T10', '2021-01-01T15', periods=500),
... })
>>> fl = Flight(data=df, flight_id=123)  # specify a flight_id by keyword
>>> fl
Flight [4 keys x 500 length, 1 attributes]
Keys: longitude, latitude, altitude, time
Attributes:
time                [2021-01-01 10:00:00, 2021-01-01 15:00:00]
longitude           [20.0, 30.0]
latitude            [10.0, 40.0]
altitude            [10500.0, 10500.0]
flight_id           123

>>> # Create `Flight` from keywords
>>> fl = Flight(
...     longitude=np.linspace(20, 30, 200),
...     latitude=np.linspace(40, 30, 200),
...     altitude=11000 * np.ones(200),
...     time=pd.date_range('2021-01-01T12', '2021-01-01T14', periods=200),
... )
>>> fl
Flight [4 keys x 200 length, 0 attributes]
    Keys: longitude, latitude, time, altitude
    Attributes:
    time                [2021-01-01 12:00:00, 2021-01-01 14:00:00]
    longitude           [20.0, 30.0]
    latitude            [30.0, 40.0]
    altitude            [11000.0, 11000.0]

>>> # Access the underlying data as DataFrame
>>> fl.dataframe.head()
   longitude   latitude                          time  altitude
0  20.000000  40.000000 2021-01-01 12:00:00.000000000   11000.0
1  20.050251  39.949749 2021-01-01 12:00:36.180904522   11000.0
2  20.100503  39.899497 2021-01-01 12:01:12.361809045   11000.0
3  20.150754  39.849246 2021-01-01 12:01:48.542713567   11000.0
4  20.201005  39.798995 2021-01-01 12:02:24.723618090   11000.0
T_isa()

Calculate the ICAO standard atmosphere temperature at each point.

Returns:

npt.NDArray[np.floating] – ISA temperature, [\(K\)]

See also

pycontrails.physics.units.m_to_T_isa()

property air_pressure

Get air_pressure values for points.

Returns:

npt.NDArray[np.floating] – Point air pressure values, [\(Pa\)]

property altitude

Get altitude.

Automatically calculates altitude using units.pl_to_m() using level key.

Note that if altitude key exists in data, the data at the altitude key will be returned. This allows an override of the default calculation of altitude from pressure level.

Returns:

npt.NDArray[np.floating] – Altitude, [\(m\)]

property altitude_ft

Get altitude in feet.

Returns:

npt.NDArray[np.floating] – Altitude, [\(ft\)]

attrs

Generic dataset attributes

broadcast_attrs(keys, overwrite=False, raise_error=True)

Attach values from keys in attrs onto data.

If possible, use dtype = np.float32 when broadcasting. If not possible, use whatever dtype is inferred from the data by numpy.full().

Parameters:

  • keys (str | Iterable[str]) – Keys to broadcast

  • overwrite (bool, optional) – If True, overwrite existing values in data. By default False.

  • raise_error (bool, optional) – Raise KeyError if self.attrs does not contain some of keys.

Raises:

KeyError – Not all keys found in attrs.

broadcast_numeric_attrs(ignore_keys=None, overwrite=False)

Attach numeric values in attrs onto data.

Iterate through values in attrs and attach float and int values to data.

This method modifies object in place.

Parameters:

  • ignore_keys (str | Iterable[str], optional) – Do not broadcast selected keys. Defaults to None.

  • overwrite (bool, optional) – If True, overwrite existing values in data. By default False.

clean_and_resample(freq='1min', fill_method='geodesic', geodesic_threshold=100000.0, nominal_rocd=12.7, kernel_size=17, cruise_threshold=120.0, force_filter=False, drop=True, keep_original_index=False)

Resample and (possibly) filter a flight trajectory.

Waypoints are resampled according to the frequency freq. If the original flight data has a short sampling period, filter_altitude will also be called to clean the data. Large gaps in trajectories may be interpolated as step climbs through _altitude_interpolation.

Parameters:

  • freq (str, optional) – Resampling frequency, by default “1min”

  • fill_method ({"geodesic", "linear"}, optional) – Choose between "geodesic" and "linear", by default "geodesic". In geodesic mode, large gaps between waypoints are filled with geodesic interpolation and small gaps are filled with linear interpolation. In linear mode, all gaps are filled with linear interpolation.

  • geodesic_threshold (float, optional) – Threshold for geodesic interpolation, [\(m\)]. If the distance between consecutive waypoints is under this threshold, values are interpolated linearly.

  • nominal_rocd (float, optional) – Nominal rate of climb / descent for aircraft type. Defaults to constants.nominal_rocd.

  • kernel_size (int, optional) – Passed directly to scipy.signal.medfilt(), by default 11. Passed also to scipy.signal.medfilt()

  • cruise_theshold (float, optional) – Minimal length of time, in seconds, for a flight to be in cruise to apply median filter

  • force_filter (bool, optional) – If set to true, meth:filter_altitude will always be called. otherwise, it will only be called if the flight has a median sample period under 10 seconds

  • drop (bool, optional) – Drop any columns that are not resampled and filled. Defaults to True, dropping all keys outside of “time”, “latitude”, “longitude” and “altitude”. If set to False, the extra keys will be kept but filled with nan or None values, depending on the data type.

  • keep_original_index (bool, optional) – Keep the original index of the Flight in addition to the new resampled index. Defaults to False. .. versionadded:: 0.45.2

Returns:

Flight – Filled Flight

property constants

Return a dictionary of constant attributes and data values.

Includes attrs and values from columns in data with a unique value.

Returns:

dict[str, Any] – Properties and their constant values

property coords

Get geospatial coordinates for compatibility with MetDataArray.

Returns:

pandas.DataFrame – pd.DataFrame with columns longitude, latitude, level, and time.

coords_intersect_met(met)

Return boolean mask of data inside the bounding box defined by met.

Parameters:

met (MetDataset | MetDataArray) – MetDataset or MetDataArray to compare.

Returns:

npt.NDArray[np.bool_] – True if point is inside the bounding box defined by met.

copy(**kwargs)

Return a copy of this instance.

Parameters:

**kwargs (Any) – Additional keyword arguments passed into the constructor of the returned class.

Returns:

Self – Copy of class

classmethod create_empty(keys=None, attrs=None, **attrs_kwargs)

Create instance with variables defined by keys and size 0.

If instance requires additional variables to be defined, these keys will automatically be attached to returned instance.

Parameters:

  • keys (Iterable[str]) – Keys to include in empty VectorDataset instance.

  • attrs (dict[str, Any] | None, optional) – Attributes to attach instance.

  • **kwargs (Any) – Additional keyword arguments passed into the constructor of the returned class.

Returns:

Self – Empty VectorDataset instance.

data

Vector data with labels as keys and numpy.ndarray as values

property dataframe

Shorthand property to access to_dataframe() with copy=False.

Returns:

pandas.DataFrame – Equivalent to the output from to_dataframe()

distance_to_coords(distance)

Convert distance along flight path to geodesic coordinates.

Will return a tuple containing (lat, lon, index), where index indicates which flight segment contains the returned coordinate.

Parameters:

distance (ArrayOrFloat) – Distance along flight path, [\(m\)]

Returns:

(ArrayOrFloat, ArrayOrFloat, int | npt.NDArray[int]) – latitude, longitude, and segment index cooresponding to distance.

downselect_met(met, *, longitude_buffer=(0.0, 0.0), latitude_buffer=(0.0, 0.0), level_buffer=(0.0, 0.0), time_buffer=(np.timedelta64(0, 'h'), np.timedelta64(0, 'h')))

Downselect met to encompass a spatiotemporal region of the data.

Changed in version 0.54.5: Returned object is no longer copied.

Parameters:

  • met (MetDataset | MetDataArray) – MetDataset or MetDataArray to downselect.

  • longitude_buffer (tuple[float, float], optional) – Extend longitude domain past by longitude_buffer[0] on the low side and longitude_buffer[1] on the high side. Units must be the same as class coordinates. Defaults to (0, 0) degrees.

  • latitude_buffer (tuple[float, float], optional) – Extend latitude domain past by latitude_buffer[0] on the low side and latitude_buffer[1] on the high side. Units must be the same as class coordinates. Defaults to (0, 0) degrees.

  • level_buffer (tuple[float, float], optional) – Extend level domain past by level_buffer[0] on the low side and level_buffer[1] on the high side. Units must be the same as class coordinates. Defaults to (0, 0) [\(hPa\)].

  • time_buffer (tuple[np.timedelta64, np.timedelta64], optional) – Extend time domain past by time_buffer[0] on the low side and time_buffer[1] on the high side. Units must be the same as class coordinates. Defaults to (np.timedelta64(0, "h"), np.timedelta64(0, "h")).

Returns:

MetDataset | MetDataArray – Copy of downselected MetDataset or MetDataArray.

property duration

Determine flight duration.

Returns:

pd.Timedelta – Difference between terminal and initial time

ensure_vars(vars, raise_error=True)

Ensure variables exist in column of data or attrs.

Parameters:

  • vars (str | Iterable[str]) – A single string variable name or a sequence of string variable names.

  • raise_error (bool, optional) – Raise KeyError if data does not contain variables. Defaults to True.

Returns:

bool – True if all variables exist. False otherwise.

Raises:

KeyError – Raises when dataset does not contain variable in vars

filter(mask, copy=True, **kwargs)

Filter data according to a boolean array mask.

Entries corresponding to mask == True are kept.

Parameters:

  • mask (npt.NDArray[np.bool_]) – Boolean array with compatible shape.

  • copy (bool, optional) – Copy data on filter. Defaults to True. See numpy best practices for insight into whether copy is appropriate.

  • **kwargs (Any) – Additional keyword arguments passed into the constructor of the returned class.

Returns:

Self – Containing filtered data

Raises:

TypeError – If mask is not a boolean array.

filter_altitude(kernel_size=17, cruise_threshold=120.0)

Filter noisy altitude on a single flight.

Currently runs altitude through a median filter using scipy.signal.medfilt() with kernel_size, then a Savitzky-Golay filter to filter noise. The median filter is only applied during cruise segments that are longer than cruise_threshold.

Parameters:
Returns:

Flight – Filtered Flight

Notes

Algorithm is derived from traffic.core.Flight.filter().

The traffic algorithm also computes thresholds on sliding windows and replaces unacceptable values with NaNs.

Errors may raised if the kernel_size is too large.

See also

traffic.core.flight.Flight.filter(), scipy.signal.medfilt()

filter_by_first()

Keep first row of group of waypoints with identical coordinates.

Chaining this method with resample_and_fill often gives a cleaner trajectory when using noisy flight waypoints.

Returns:

Flight – Filtered Flight instance

Examples

>>> from datetime import datetime
>>> import pandas as pd

>>> df = pd.DataFrame()
>>> df['longitude'] = [0, 0, 50]
>>> df['latitude'] = 0
>>> df['altitude'] = 0
>>> df['time'] = [datetime(2020, 1, 1, h) for h in range(3)]

>>> fl = Flight(df)

>>> fl.filter_by_first().dataframe
   longitude  latitude  altitude                time
0        0.0       0.0       0.0 2020-01-01 00:00:00
1       50.0       0.0       0.0 2020-01-01 02:00:00
classmethod from_dict(obj, copy=True, **obj_kwargs)

Create instance from dict representation containing data and attrs.

Parameters:

  • obj (dict[str, Any]) – Dict representation of VectorDataset (e.g. to_dict())

  • copy (bool, optional) – Passed to VectorDataset constructor. Defaults to True.

  • **obj_kwargs (Any) – Additional properties passed as keyword arguments.

Returns:

Self – VectorDataset instance.

See also

to_dict()

fuel

Fuel used in flight trajectory

generate_splits(n_splits, copy=True)

Split instance into n_split sub-vectors.

Parameters:
Returns:

Generator[Self, None, None] – Generator of split vectors.

See also

numpy.array_split()

get(key, default_value=None)

Get values from data with default_value if key not in data.

Parameters:

  • key (str) – Key to get from data

  • default_value (Any, optional) – Return default_value if key not in data, by default None

Returns:

Any – Values at data[key] or default_value

get_constant(key, default=<object object>)

Get a constant value from attrs or data.

  • If key is found in attrs, the value is returned.

  • If key is found in data, the common value is returned if all values are equal.

  • If key is not found in attrs or data and a default is provided, the default is returned.

  • Otherwise, a KeyError is raised.

Parameters:

  • key (str) – Key to look for.

  • default (Any, optional) – Default value to return if key is not found in attrs or data.

Returns:

Any – The constant value for key.

Raises:

KeyError – If key is not found in attrs or the values in data are not equal and default is not provided.

Examples

>>> vector = VectorDataset({"a": [1, 1, 1], "b": [2, 2, 3]})
>>> vector.get_constant("a")
np.int64(1)
>>> vector.get_constant("b")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
KeyError: "A constant key 'b' not found in attrs or data"
>>> vector.get_constant("b", 3)
3

See also

get_data_or_attr, GeoVectorDataset.constants

get_data_or_attr(key, default=<object object>)

Get value from data or attrs.

This method first checks if key is in data and returns the value if so. If key is not in data, then this method checks if key is in attrs and returns the value if so. If key is not in data or attrs, then the default value is returned if provided. Otherwise a KeyError is raised.

Parameters:

  • key (str) – Key to get from data or attrs

  • default (Any, optional) – Default value to return if key is not in data or attrs.

Returns:

Any – Value at data[key] or attrs[key]

Raises:

KeyError – If key is not in data or attrs and default is not provided.

Examples

>>> vector = VectorDataset({"a": [1, 2, 3]}, attrs={"b": 4})
>>> vector.get_data_or_attr("a")
array([1, 2, 3])

>>> vector.get_data_or_attr("b")
4

>>> vector.get_data_or_attr("c")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
KeyError: "Key 'c' not found in data or attrs."

>>> vector.get_data_or_attr("c", default=5)
5

See also

get_constant

property hash

Generate a unique hash for this class instance.

Returns:

str – Unique hash for flight instance (sha1)

intersect_met(mda, *, longitude=None, latitude=None, level=None, time=None, use_indices=False, **interp_kwargs)

Intersect waypoints with MetDataArray.

Parameters:

  • mda (MetDataArray) – MetDataArray containing a meteorological variable at spatio-temporal coordinates.

  • longitude (npt.NDArray[np.floating], optional) – Override existing coordinates for met interpolation

  • latitude (npt.NDArray[np.floating], optional) – Override existing coordinates for met interpolation

  • level (npt.NDArray[np.floating], optional) – Override existing coordinates for met interpolation

  • time (npt.NDArray[np.datetime64], optional) – Override existing coordinates for met interpolation

  • use_indices (bool, optional) – Experimental.

  • **interp_kwargs (Any) – Additional keyword arguments to pass to MetDataArray.intersect_met(). Examples include method, bounds_error, and fill_value. If an error such as

    ValueError: One of the requested xi is out of bounds in dimension 2

    occurs, try calling this function with bounds_error=False. In addition, setting fill_value=0.0 will replace NaN values with 0.0.

Returns:

npt.NDArray[np.floating] – Interpolated values

Examples

>>> from datetime import datetime
>>> import pandas as pd
>>> import numpy as np
>>> from pycontrails.datalib.ecmwf import ERA5
>>> from pycontrails import Flight

>>> # Get met data
>>> times = (datetime(2022, 3, 1, 0),  datetime(2022, 3, 1, 3))
>>> variables = ["air_temperature", "specific_humidity"]
>>> levels = [300, 250, 200]
>>> era5 = ERA5(time=times, variables=variables, pressure_levels=levels)
>>> met = era5.open_metdataset()

>>> # Example flight
>>> df = pd.DataFrame()
>>> df['longitude'] = np.linspace(0, 50, 10)
>>> df['latitude'] = np.linspace(0, 10, 10)
>>> df['altitude'] = 11000
>>> df['time'] = pd.date_range("2022-03-01T00", "2022-03-01T02", periods=10)
>>> fl = Flight(df)

>>> # Intersect
>>> fl.intersect_met(met['air_temperature'], method='nearest')
array([231.62969892, 230.72604651, 232.24318771, 231.88338483,
       231.06429438, 231.59073409, 231.65125393, 231.93064004,
       232.03344087, 231.65954432])

>>> fl.intersect_met(met['air_temperature'], method='linear')
array([225.77794552, 225.13908414, 226.231218  , 226.31831528,
       225.56102321, 225.81192149, 226.03192642, 226.22056121,
       226.03770174, 225.63226188])

>>> # Interpolate and attach to `Flight` instance
>>> for key in met:
...     fl[key] = fl.intersect_met(met[key])

>>> # Show the final three columns of the dataframe
>>> fl.dataframe.iloc[:, -3:].head()
                 time  air_temperature  specific_humidity
0 2022-03-01 00:00:00       225.777946           0.000132
1 2022-03-01 00:13:20       225.139084           0.000132
2 2022-03-01 00:26:40       226.231218           0.000107
3 2022-03-01 00:40:00       226.318315           0.000171
4 2022-03-01 00:53:20       225.561022           0.000109
property length

Return flight length based on WGS84 geodesic.

Returns:

float – Total flight length, [\(m\)]

Examples

>>> import numpy as np
>>> fl = Flight(
...     longitude=np.linspace(20, 30, 200),
...     latitude=np.linspace(40, 30, 200),
...     altitude=11000 * np.ones(200),
...     time=pd.date_range('2021-01-01T12', '2021-01-01T14', periods=200),
... )
>>> fl.length
np.float64(1436924.67...)
length_met(key, threshold=1.0)

Calculate total horizontal distance where column key exceeds threshold.

Parameters:

  • key (str) – Column key in data

  • threshold (float) – Consider trajectory waypoints whose associated key value exceeds threshold, by default 1.0

Returns:

float – Total distance, [\(m\)]

Raises:

KeyError – data does not contain column key

Examples

>>> from datetime import datetime
>>> import pandas as pd
>>> import numpy as np
>>> from pycontrails.datalib.ecmwf import ERA5
>>> from pycontrails import Flight

>>> # Get met data
>>> times = (datetime(2022, 3, 1, 0),  datetime(2022, 3, 1, 3))
>>> variables = ["air_temperature", "specific_humidity"]
>>> levels = [300, 250, 200]
>>> era5 = ERA5(time=times, variables=variables, pressure_levels=levels)
>>> met = era5.open_metdataset()

>>> # Build flight
>>> df = pd.DataFrame()
>>> df["time"] = pd.date_range("2022-03-01T00", "2022-03-01T03", periods=11)
>>> df["longitude"] = np.linspace(-20, 20, 11)
>>> df["latitude"] = np.linspace(-20, 20, 11)
>>> df["altitude"] = np.linspace(9500, 10000, 11)
>>> fl = Flight(df).resample_and_fill("10s")

>>> # Intersect and attach
>>> fl["air_temperature"] = fl.intersect_met(met["air_temperature"])
>>> fl["air_temperature"]
array([235.94657007, 235.55745645, 235.56709768, ..., 234.59917962,
       234.60387402, 234.60845312], shape=(1081,))

>>> # Length (in meters) of waypoints whose temperature exceeds 236K
>>> fl.length_met("air_temperature", threshold=236)
np.float64(3589705.998...)

>>> # Proportion (with respect to distance) of waypoints whose temperature exceeds 236K
>>> fl.proportion_met("air_temperature", threshold=236)
np.float64(0.576...)
property level

Get pressure level values for points.

Automatically calculates pressure level using units.m_to_pl() using altitude key.

Note that if level key exists in data, the data at the level key will be returned. This allows an override of the default calculation of pressure level from altitude.

Returns:

npt.NDArray[np.floating] – Point pressure level values, [\(hPa\)]

property max_distance_gap

Return maximum distance gap between waypoints along flight trajectory.

Distance is calculated based on WGS84 geodesic.

Returns:

float – Maximum distance between waypoints, [\(m\)]

Examples

>>> import numpy as np
>>> fl = Flight(
...     longitude=np.linspace(20, 30, 200),
...     latitude=np.linspace(40, 30, 200),
...     altitude=11000 * np.ones(200),
...     time=pd.date_range('2021-01-01T12', '2021-01-01T14', periods=200),
... )
>>> fl.max_distance_gap
np.float64(7391.27...)
property max_time_gap

Return maximum time gap between waypoints along flight trajectory.

Returns:

pd.Timedelta – Gap size

Examples

>>> import numpy as np
>>> fl = Flight(
...     longitude=np.linspace(20, 30, 200),
...     latitude=np.linspace(40, 30, 200),
...     altitude=11000 * np.ones(200),
...     time=pd.date_range('2021-01-01T12', '2021-01-01T14', periods=200),
... )
>>> fl.max_time_gap
Timedelta('0 days 00:00:36.180...')
plot(**kwargs)

Plot flight trajectory longitude-latitude values.

Parameters:

**kwargs (Any) – Additional plot properties to passed to pd.DataFrame.plot

Returns:

matplotlib.axes.Axes – Plot

plot_profile(**kwargs)

Plot flight trajectory time-altitude values.

Parameters:

**kwargs (Any) – Additional plot properties to passed to pd.DataFrame.plot

Returns:

matplotlib.axes.Axes – Plot

proportion_met(key, threshold=1.0)

Calculate proportion of flight with certain meteorological constraint.

Parameters:

  • key (str) – Column key in data

  • threshold (float) – Consider trajectory waypoints whose associated key value exceeds threshold, Defaults to 1.0

Returns:

float – Ratio

required_keys = ('longitude', 'latitude', 'time')

Required keys for creating GeoVectorDataset

resample_and_fill(freq='1min', fill_method='geodesic', geodesic_threshold=100000.0, nominal_rocd=12.7, drop=True, keep_original_index=False)

Resample and fill flight trajectory with geodesics and linear interpolation.

Waypoints are resampled according to the frequency freq. Values for data columns longitude, latitude, and altitude are interpolated.

Resampled waypoints will include all multiples of freq between the flight start and end time. For example, when resampling to a frequency of 1 minute, a flight that starts at 2020/1/1 00:00:59 and ends at 2020/1/1 00:01:01 will return a single waypoint at 2020/1/1 00:01:00, whereas a flight that starts at 2020/1/1 00:01:01 and ends at 2020/1/1 00:01:59 will return an empty flight.

Parameters:

  • freq (str, optional) – Resampling frequency, by default “1min”

  • fill_method ({"geodesic", "linear"}, optional) – Choose between "geodesic" and "linear", by default "geodesic". In geodesic mode, large gaps between waypoints are filled with geodesic interpolation and small gaps are filled with linear interpolation. In linear mode, all gaps are filled with linear interpolation.

  • geodesic_threshold (float, optional) – Threshold for geodesic interpolation, [\(m\)]. If the distance between consecutive waypoints is under this threshold, values are interpolated linearly.

  • nominal_rocd (float | None, optional) – Nominal rate of climb / descent for aircraft type. Defaults to constants.nominal_rocd.

  • drop (bool, optional) – Drop any columns that are not resampled and filled. Defaults to True, dropping all keys outside of “time”, “latitude”, “longitude” and “altitude”. If set to False, the extra keys will be kept but filled with nan or None values, depending on the data type.

  • keep_original_index (bool, optional) – Keep the original index of the Flight in addition to the new resampled index. Defaults to False. .. versionadded:: 0.45.2

Returns:

Flight – Filled Flight

Raises:

ValueError – Unknown fill_method

Examples

>>> from datetime import datetime
>>> import pandas as pd

>>> df = pd.DataFrame()
>>> df['longitude'] = [0, 0, 50]
>>> df['latitude'] = 0
>>> df['altitude'] = 0
>>> df['time'] = [datetime(2020, 1, 1, h) for h in range(3)]

>>> fl = Flight(df)
>>> fl.dataframe
   longitude  latitude  altitude                time
           0        0.0       0.0       0.0 2020-01-01 00:00:00
           1        0.0       0.0       0.0 2020-01-01 01:00:00
           2       50.0       0.0       0.0 2020-01-01 02:00:00

>>> fl.resample_and_fill('10min').dataframe  # resample with 10 minute frequency
    longitude  latitude  altitude                time
0    0.000000       0.0       0.0 2020-01-01 00:00:00
1    0.000000       0.0       0.0 2020-01-01 00:10:00
2    0.000000       0.0       0.0 2020-01-01 00:20:00
3    0.000000       0.0       0.0 2020-01-01 00:30:00
4    0.000000       0.0       0.0 2020-01-01 00:40:00
5    0.000000       0.0       0.0 2020-01-01 00:50:00
6    0.000000       0.0       0.0 2020-01-01 01:00:00
7    8.333333       0.0       0.0 2020-01-01 01:10:00
8   16.666667       0.0       0.0 2020-01-01 01:20:00
9   25.000000       0.0       0.0 2020-01-01 01:30:00
10  33.333333       0.0       0.0 2020-01-01 01:40:00
11  41.666667       0.0       0.0 2020-01-01 01:50:00
12  50.000000       0.0       0.0 2020-01-01 02:00:00
segment_angle()

Calculate sine and cosine for the angle between each segment and the longitudinal axis.

This is different from the usual navigational angle between two points known as bearing.

Bearing in 3D spherical coordinates is referred to as azimuth.

        (lon_2, lat_2)  X
                       /|
                      / |
                     /  |
                    /   |
                   /    |
                  /     |
                 /      |
(lon_1, lat_1)  X -------> longitude (x-axis)
Returns:

npt.NDArray[np.floating], npt.NDArray[np.floating] – Returns sin(a), cos(a), where a is the angle between the segment and the longitudinal axis. The final values are of both arrays are np.nan.

See also

geo.segment_angle(), units.heading_to_longitudinal_angle(), segment_azimuth(), geo.forward_azimuth()

Examples

>>> from pycontrails import Flight
>>> fl = Flight(
... longitude=np.array([1, 2, 3, 5, 8]),
... latitude=np.arange(5),
... altitude=np.full(shape=(5,), fill_value=11000),
... time=pd.date_range('2021-01-01T12', '2021-01-01T14', periods=5),
... )
>>> sin, cos = fl.segment_angle()
>>> sin
array([0.70716063, 0.70737598, 0.44819424, 0.31820671,        nan])

>>> cos
array([0.70705293, 0.70683748, 0.8939362 , 0.94802136,        nan])
segment_azimuth()

Calculate (forward) azimuth at each waypoint.

Method calls pyproj.Geod.inv, which is slow. See geo.forward_azimuth for an outline of a faster implementation.

Changed in version 0.33.7: The dtype of the output now matches the dtype of self["longitude"].

Returns:

npt.NDArray[np.floating] – Array of azimuths.

See also

segment_angle(), geo.forward_azimuth()

segment_duration(dtype=<class 'numpy.float32'>)

Compute time elapsed between waypoints in seconds.

np.nan appended so the length of the output is the same as number of waypoints.

Parameters:

dtype (np.dtype) – Numpy dtype for time difference. Defaults to np.float64

Returns:

npt.NDArray[np.floating] – Time difference between waypoints, [\(s\)]. Returns an array with dtype specified by``dtype``

segment_groundspeed(smooth=False, window_length=7, polyorder=1)

Return groundspeed across segments.

Calculate by dividing the horizontal segment length by the difference in waypoint times.

Parameters:
Returns:

npt.NDArray[np.floating] – Groundspeed of the segment, [\(m s^{-1}\)]

segment_haversine()

Compute Haversine (great circle) distance between flight waypoints.

Helper function used in resample_and_fill(). np.nan appended so the length of the output is the same as number of waypoints.

To account for vertical displacements when computing segment lengths, use segment_length().

Returns:

npt.NDArray[np.floating] – Array of great circle distances in [\(m\)] between waypoints

Examples

>>> from pycontrails import Flight
>>> fl = Flight(
... longitude=np.array([1, 2, 3, 5, 8]),
... latitude=np.arange(5),
... altitude=np.full(shape=(5,), fill_value=11000),
... time=pd.date_range('2021-01-01T12', '2021-01-01T14', periods=5),
... )
>>> fl.segment_haversine()
array([157255.03346286, 157231.08336815, 248456.48781503, 351047.44358851,
                   nan])

See also

segment_haversine(), segment_length()

segment_length()

Compute spherical distance between flight waypoints.

Helper function used in length() and length_met(). np.nan appended so the length of the output is the same as number of waypoints.

Returns:

npt.NDArray[np.floating] – Array of distances in [\(m\)] between waypoints

Examples

>>> from pycontrails import Flight
>>> fl = Flight(
... longitude=np.array([1, 2, 3, 5, 8]),
... latitude=np.arange(5),
... altitude=np.full(shape=(5,), fill_value=11000),
... time=pd.date_range('2021-01-01T12', '2021-01-01T14', periods=5),
... )
>>> fl.segment_length()
array([157255.03346286, 157231.08336815, 248456.48781503, 351047.44358851,
                   nan])

See also

segment_length()

segment_mach_number(true_airspeed, air_temperature)

Calculate the mach number of each segment.

Parameters:

  • true_airspeed (npt.NDArray[np.floating]) – True airspeed of the segment, [\(m \ s^{-1}\)]. See segment_true_airspeed().

  • air_temperature (npt.NDArray[np.floating]) – Average air temperature of each segment, [\(K\)]

Returns:

npt.NDArray[np.floating] – Mach number of each segment

segment_phase(threshold_rocd=250.0, min_cruise_altitude_ft=20000.0, air_temperature=None)

Identify the phase of flight (climb, cruise, descent) for each segment.

Parameters:

  • threshold_rocd (float, optional) – ROCD threshold to identify climb and descent, [\(ft min^{-1}\)]. Currently set to 250 ft/min.

  • min_cruise_altitude_ft (float, optional) – Minimum altitude for cruise, [\(ft\)] This is specific for each aircraft type, and can be approximated as 50% of the altitude ceiling. Defaults to 20000 ft.

  • air_temperature (None | npt.NDArray[np.floating]) – Air temperature of each flight waypoint, [\(K\)]

Returns:

npt.NDArray[np.uint8] – Array of values enumerating the flight phase. See flight.FlightPhase for enumeration.

See also

FlightPhase, segment_phase(), segment_rocd()

segment_rocd(air_temperature=None)

Calculate the rate of climb and descent (ROCD).

Parameters:

air_temperature (None | npt.NDArray[np.floating]) – Air temperature of each flight waypoint, [\(K\)]

Returns:

npt.NDArray[np.floating] – Rate of climb and descent over segment, [\(ft min^{-1}\)]

See also

segment_rocd()

segment_true_airspeed(u_wind=0.0, v_wind=0.0, smooth=True, window_length=7, polyorder=1)

Calculate the true airspeed [\(m/s\)] from the ground speed and horizontal winds.

The calculated ground speed will first be smoothed with a Savitzky-Golay filter if enabled.

Parameters:

  • u_wind (npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float) – U wind speed, [\(m \ s^{-1}\)]. Defaults to 0 for all waypoints.

  • v_wind (npt.NDArray[np.floating] | float) – V wind speed, [\(m \ s^{-1}\)]. Defaults to 0 for all waypoints.

  • smooth (bool, optional) – Smooth airspeed with Savitzky-Golay filter. Defaults to True.

  • window_length (int, optional) – Passed directly to scipy.signal.savgol_filter(), by default 7.

  • polyorder (int, optional) – Passed directly to scipy.signal.savgol_filter(), by default 1.

Returns:

npt.NDArray[np.floating] – True wind speed of each segment, [\(m \ s^{-1}\)]

select(keys, copy=True)

Return new class instance only containing specified keys.

Parameters:

  • keys (Iterable[str]) – An iterable of keys to filter by.

  • copy (bool, optional) – Copy data on selection. Defaults to True.

Returns:

VectorDataset – VectorDataset containing only data associated to keys. Note that this method always returns a VectorDataset, even if the calling class is a proper subclass of VectorDataset.

setdefault(key, default=None)

Shortcut to VectorDataDict.setdefault().

Parameters:

  • key (str) – Key in data dict.

  • default (npt.ArrayLike, optional) – Values to use as default, if key is not defined

Returns:

numpy.ndarray – Values at key

property shape

Shape of each array in data.

Returns:

tuple[int] – Shape of each array in data.

property size

Length of each array in data.

Returns:

int – Length of each array in data.

sort(by)

Sort data by key(s).

This method always creates a copy of the data by calling pandas.DataFrame.sort_values().

Parameters:

by (str | list[str]) – Key or list of keys to sort by.

Returns:

Self – Instance with sorted data.

classmethod sum(vectors, infer_attrs=True, fill_value=None)

Sum a list of VectorDataset instances.

Parameters:

  • vectors (Sequence[VectorDataset]) – List of VectorDataset instances to concatenate.

  • infer_attrs (bool, optional) – If True, infer attributes from the first element in the sequence.

  • fill_value (float, optional) – Fill value to use when concatenating arrays. By default None, which raises an error if incompatible keys are found.

Returns:

VectorDataset – Sum of all instances in vectors.

Raises:

KeyError – If incompatible data keys are found among vectors.

Examples

>>> from pycontrails import VectorDataset
>>> v1 = VectorDataset({"a": [1, 2, 3], "b": [4, 5, 6]})
>>> v2 = VectorDataset({"a": [7, 8, 9], "b": [10, 11, 12]})
>>> v3 = VectorDataset({"a": [13, 14, 15], "b": [16, 17, 18]})
>>> v = VectorDataset.sum([v1, v2, v3])
>>> v.dataframe
    a   b
0   1   4
1   2   5
2   3   6
3   7  10
4   8  11
5   9  12
6  13  16
7  14  17
8  15  18
property time_end

Last waypoint time.

Returns:

pandas.Timestamp – Last waypoint time

property time_start

First waypoint time.

Returns:

pandas.Timestamp – First waypoint time

to_dataframe(copy=True)

Create pd.DataFrame in which each key-value pair in data is a column.

DataFrame does not copy data by default. Use the copy parameter to copy data values on creation.

Parameters:

copy (bool, optional) – Copy data on DataFrame creation.

Returns:

pandas.DataFrame – DataFrame holding key-values as columns.

to_dict()

Create dictionary with data and attrs.

If geo-spatial coordinates (e.g. "latitude", "longitude", "altitude") are present, round to a reasonable precision. If a "time" variable is present, round to unix seconds. When the instance is a GeoVectorDataset, disregard any "altitude" or "level" coordinate and only include "altitude_ft" in the output.

Returns:

dict[str, Any] – Dictionary with data and attrs.

See also

from_dict()

Examples

>>> import pprint
>>> from pycontrails import Flight
>>> fl = Flight(
...     longitude=[-100, -110],
...     latitude=[40, 50],
...     level=[200, 200],
...     time=[np.datetime64("2020-01-01T09"), np.datetime64("2020-01-01T09:30")],
...     aircraft_type="B737",
... )
>>> fl = fl.resample_and_fill("5min")
>>> pprint.pprint(fl.to_dict())
{'aircraft_type': 'B737',
 'altitude_ft': [38661.0, 38661.0, 38661.0, 38661.0, 38661.0, 38661.0, 38661.0],
 'latitude': [40.0, 41.724, 43.428, 45.111, 46.769, 48.399, 50.0],
 'longitude': [-100.0,
               -101.441,
               -102.959,
               -104.563,
               -106.267,
               -108.076,
               -110.0],
 'time': [1577869200,
          1577869500,
          1577869800,
          1577870100,
          1577870400,
          1577870700,
          1577871000]}
to_geojson_linestring()

Return trajectory as geojson FeatureCollection containing single LineString.

Returns:

dict[str, Any] – Python representation of geojson FeatureCollection

to_geojson_multilinestring(key=None, split_antimeridian=True)

Return trajectory as GeoJSON FeatureCollection of MultiLineStrings.

If key is provided, Flight data is grouped according to values of key. Each group gives rise to a Feature containing a MultiLineString geometry. Each MultiLineString can optionally be split over the antimeridian.

Parameters:

  • key (str, optional) – If provided, name of data column to group by.

  • split_antimeridian (bool, optional) – Split linestrings that cross the antimeridian. Defaults to True.

Returns:

dict[str, Any] – Python representation of GeoJSON FeatureCollection of MultiLinestring Features

Raises:

KeyError – key is provided but data does not contain column key

to_geojson_points()

Return dataset as GeoJSON FeatureCollection of Points.

Each Feature has a properties attribute that includes time and other data besides latitude, longitude, and altitude in data.

Returns:

dict[str, Any] – Python representation of GeoJSON FeatureCollection

to_lon_lat_grid(agg, *, spatial_bbox=(-180.0, -90.0, 180.0, 90.0), spatial_grid_res=0.5)

Convert vectors to a longitude-latitude grid.

See also

vector_to_lon_lat_grid

to_traffic()

Convert to traffic.core.Flight instance.

Returns:

traffic.core.Flight – traffic flight instance

Raises:

ModuleNotFoundError – traffic package not installed

See also

traffic.core.Flight

transform_crs(crs)

Transform trajectory data from one coordinate reference system (CRS) to another.

Parameters:

  • crs (str) – Target CRS. Passed into to pyproj.Transformer. The source CRS is assumed to be EPSG:4326.

  • copy (bool, optional) – Copy data on transformation. Defaults to True.

Returns:

tuple[npt.NDArray[np.floating], npt.NDArray[np.floating]] – New x and y coordinates in the target CRS.

update(other=None, **kwargs)

Update values in data dict without warning if overwriting.

Parameters:

  • other (dict[str, npt.ArrayLike] | None, optional) – Fields to update as dict

  • **kwargs (npt.ArrayLike) – Fields to update as kwargs

vertical_keys = ('altitude', 'level', 'altitude_ft')

At least one of these vertical-coordinate keys must also be included

class pycontrails.core.flight.FlightPhase(value, names=<not given>, *values, module=None, qualname=None, type=None, start=1, boundary=None)

Bases: IntEnum

Flight phase enumeration.

Use segment_phase() or Flight.segment_phase() to determine flight phase.

CLIMB = 1

Waypoints at which the flight is in a climb phase

CRUISE = 2

Waypoints at which the flight is in a cruise phase

DESCENT = 3

Waypoints at which the flight is in a descent phase

LEVEL_FLIGHT = 4

Waypoints at which the flight is not in a climb, cruise, or descent phase. In practice, this category is used for waypoints at which the ROCD resembles that of a cruise phase, but the altitude is below the minimum cruise altitude.

NAN = 5

Waypoints at which the ROCD is not defined.

as_integer_ratio()

Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.

The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.

>>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
(10, 1)
>>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
(-10, 1)
>>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
(0, 1)
bit_count()

Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.

Also known as the population count.

>>> bin(13)
'0b1101'
>>> (13).bit_count()
3
bit_length()

Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.

>>> bin(37)
'0b100101'
>>> (37).bit_length()
6
conjugate()

Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.

denominator

the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms

from_bytes(byteorder='big', *, signed=False)

Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.

bytes

Holds the array of bytes to convert. The argument must either support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes. Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the buffer protocol.

byteorder

The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is ‘big’, the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If byteorder is ‘little’, the most significant byte is at the end of the byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use sys.byteorder as the byte order value. Default is to use ‘big’.

signed

Indicates whether two’s complement is used to represent the integer.

imag

the imaginary part of a complex number

is_integer()

Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.

numerator

the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms

real

the real part of a complex number

to_bytes(length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False)

Return an array of bytes representing an integer.

length

Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. Default is length 1.

byteorder

The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is ‘big’, the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If byteorder is ‘little’, the most significant byte is at the end of the byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use sys.byteorder as the byte order value. Default is to use ‘big’.

signed

Determines whether two’s complement is used to represent the integer. If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError is raised.

pycontrails.core.flight.MAX_AIRPORT_ELEVATION = 15000.0

Max airport elevation, [\(ft\)] See Daocheng_Yading_Airport

pycontrails.core.flight.MAX_ON_GROUND_SPEED = 150.0

Set maximum speed compatible with “on_ground” indicator, [\(mph\)] Thresholds assessed based on scatter plot (150 knots = 278 km/h)

pycontrails.core.flight.MIN_CRUISE_ALTITUDE = 20000.0

Min estimated cruise altitude, [\(ft\)]

pycontrails.core.flight.SHORT_HAUL_DURATION = 3600.0

Short haul duration cutoff, [\(s\)]

pycontrails.core.flight.filter_altitude(time, altitude_ft, kernel_size=17, cruise_threshold=120, air_temperature=None)

Filter noisy altitude on a single flight.

Currently runs altitude through a median filter using scipy.signal.medfilt() with kernel_size, then a Savitzky-Golay filter to filter noise. The median filter is only applied during cruise segments that are longer than cruise_threshold.

Parameters:

  • time (npt.NDArray[np.datetime64]) – Waypoint time in np.datetime64 format.

  • altitude_ft (npt.NDArray[np.floating]) – Altitude signal in feet

  • kernel_size (int, optional) – Passed directly to scipy.signal.medfilt(), by default 11. Passed also to scipy.signal.medfilt()

  • cruise_theshold (int, optional) – Minimal length of time, in seconds, for a flight to be in cruise to apply median filter

  • air_temperature (None | npt.NDArray[np.floating]) – Air temperature of each flight waypoint, [\(K\)]

Returns:

npt.NDArray[np.floating] – Filtered altitude

Notes

Algorithm is derived from traffic.core.Flight.filter().

The traffic filter algorithm also computes thresholds on sliding windows and replaces unacceptable values with NaNs.

Errors may raised if the kernel_size is too large.

See also

traffic.core.Flight.filter(), scipy.signal.medfilt()

pycontrails.core.flight.segment_duration(time, dtype=<class 'numpy.float32'>)

Calculate the time difference between waypoints.

np.nan appended so the length of the output is the same as number of waypoints.

Parameters:

  • time (npt.NDArray[np.datetime64]) – Waypoint time in np.datetime64 format.

  • dtype (np.dtype) – Numpy dtype for time difference. Defaults to np.float32

Returns:

npt.NDArray[np.floating] – Time difference between waypoints, [\(s\)]. This returns an array with dtype specified by dtype.

pycontrails.core.flight.segment_phase(rocd, altitude_ft, *, threshold_rocd=250.0, min_cruise_altitude_ft=20000.0)

Identify the phase of flight (climb, cruise, descent) for each segment.

Parameters:

  • rocd (pt.NDArray[np.float64]) – Rate of climb and descent across segment, [\(ft min^{-1}\)]. See output from segment_rocd().

  • altitude_ft (npt.NDArray[np.floating]) – Altitude, [\(ft\)]

  • threshold_rocd (float, optional) – ROCD threshold to identify climb and descent, [\(ft min^{-1}\)]. Defaults to 250 ft/min.

  • min_cruise_altitude_ft (float, optional) – Minimum threshold altitude for cruise, [\(ft\)] This is specific for each aircraft type, and can be approximated as 50% of the altitude ceiling. Defaults to MIN_CRUISE_ALTITUDE.

Returns:

npt.NDArray[np.uint8] – Array of values enumerating the flight phase. See flight.FlightPhase for enumeration.

Notes

Flight data derived from ADS-B and radar sources could contain noise leading to small changes in altitude and ROCD. Hence, an arbitrary threshold_rocd is specified to identify the different phases of flight.

The flight phase “level-flight” is when an aircraft is holding at lower altitudes. The cruise phase of flight only occurs above a certain threshold altitude.

See also

FlightPhase, segment_rocd()

pycontrails.core.flight.segment_rocd(segment_duration, altitude_ft, air_temperature=None)

Calculate the rate of climb and descent (ROCD).

Parameters:

  • segment_duration (npt.NDArray[np.floating]) – Time difference between waypoints, [\(s\)]. Expected to have numeric dtype, not np.timedelta64. See output from segment_duration().

  • altitude_ft (npt.NDArray[np.floating]) – Altitude of each waypoint, [\(ft\)]

  • air_temperature (npt.NDArray[np.floating] | None) – Air temperature of each flight waypoint, [\(K\)]

Returns:

npt.NDArray[np.floating] – Rate of climb and descent over segment, [\(ft min^{-1}\)]

Notes

The hydrostatic equation will be used to estimate the ROCD if air_temperature is provided. This will improve the accuracy of the estimated ROCD with a temperature correction. The estimated ROCD with the temperature correction are expected to differ by up to +-5% compared to those without the correction. These differences are important when the ROCD estimates are used as inputs to aircraft performance models.

See also

segment_duration